“Dementia” is not one single disease — it’s an umbrella term for a group of conditions that cause progressive cognitive decline. Each type of dementia affects the brain in distinct ways, with unique symptoms, progression patterns, and affected brain regions.

Understanding the differences can lead to more accurate diagnoses, better care plans, and more realistic expectations for families and caregivers.

1. Alzheimer’s Disease

• Most common form of dementia (60–80% of cases)
• Caused by abnormal buildups of beta-amyloid plaques and tau tangles
• Primarily affects the hippocampus and temporal lobes
• Early symptoms: short-term memory loss, word-finding difficulty, disorientation

Alzheimer’s typically progresses slowly but steadily, eventually impairing all aspects of thinking and daily functioning.

2. Vascular Dementia

• Caused by reduced blood flow to the brain, often due to strokes or mini-strokes
• Affects various brain areas depending on where blood flow is blocked
• Early symptoms: slowed thinking, poor concentration, difficulty planning

Progression can be stepwise, with sudden declines followed by plateaus.

3. Lewy Body Dementia (LBD)

• Caused by abnormal protein deposits called Lewy bodies in the brain
• Affects the cortex and brainstem
• Early symptoms: visual hallucinations, fluctuating alertness, motor symptoms (similar to Parkinson’s)

LBD is often misdiagnosed due to its complex overlap with Parkinson’s and psychiatric conditions.

4. Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD)

• Caused by degeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes
• Early symptoms: personality changes, lack of empathy, inappropriate behavior, speech/language problems

FTD often affects younger individuals (under 65) and progresses differently from Alzheimer’s.

Why It Matters

Accurate diagnosis helps:

• Tailor treatment strategies
• Prepare for specific symptom patterns
• Avoid medications that may worsen certain dementia types (e.g., antipsychotics in LBD)

Final Thoughts

Each type of dementia impacts the brain in its own way — and understanding those differences is key to delivering the right care at the right time.

A timely diagnosis isn’t just about labels. It’s the first step toward clarity, support, and meaningful quality of life.